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Comparative Developmental Genetics and the Hox Genes The first two have described a wealth of diverse morphology and body plans, while the latter has provided tools and new developmental hypotheses for their investigation. In practical, experimental terms, arthropod evo-devo has flourished as it has drawn on the well-established fields of entomology, carcinology (the study of crustaceans), and genetics. They have evolved myriad variations on an anatomical theme. Since their appearance in the Cambrian, approximately 530 mya, arthropods have dominated the animal world. One of the animal groups that has been a major beneficiary of comparative developmental genetics is the Arthropoda. This new field has also been known as phylontogenetics, or more commonly “evo-devo”-the truncated catchall named for two of its most influential parent disciplines, evolutionary and developmental biology.
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In recent decades, investigators of comparative developmental genetics have applied tools and ideas from molecular and developmental biology to some of the questions of morphological evolution with heartening success. However, one of the principal and persistent mysteries remains the origins and evolution of the novel morphologies and body plans that arise among diverse species ( 71). Modern evolutionary biology has begun to understand the mechanisms involved in speciation ( 28, 98). Individual species have multiplied to fill ecological niches through a dizzying array of physiological and morphological modifications. The diversity of animal life is one of our world's most mysterious and intriguing qualities.